Showing posts with label Energy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Energy. Show all posts

05 March, 2017

Today: International Day of Energy Efficiency 2017

Today on March 5 Energy Efficiency needs to be central in energy policies around the world. Energy Efficiency Day is an opportunity for companies and individuals to improve their energy consumption habits. It’s also a day to learn how to use electronic devices correctly both at home and at work.


Reducing energy consumption should be an important goal for our society. Energy Efficiency Day encourages a more sustainable society based off of renewable energy sources and more ecologically—friendly technology.
With actual Power Peak Prices  all of the core imperatives of energy policy — reducing energy bills, decarbonisation, air pollution, energy security, and energy access — are made more attainable if led by strong energy efficiency policy. As the world transitions to clean energy, efficiency can make the transition cheaper, faster and more beneficial across all sectors of our economies. Indeed, there is no realistic, or affordable, energy development strategy that is not led by energy efficiency. For the IEA, it is the first fuel, as the last report indicates.


And yet energy efficiency is far from fulfilling its potential. Globally, two—thirds of the economic potential remains untapped. An entire 70% of the world’s energy use takes place outside of any efficiency performance requirements. For instance, two—thirds of energy consumption from buildings being built today has no codes or standards applied to it. A mere one—third of NDCs include energy efficiency related targets, despite IEA analysis that shows it is the single largest action in the optimal pathway to a decarbonised energy system. The IEA report is an important step in understanding global trends in energy efficiency. It tracks the key indicators of energy intensity, energy efficiency investment and their impact. IEA report finds — despite lower energy prices — progress is being made, but not fast enough. It shows where policy has made a real difference, but also highlights that much more can be achieved. It highlights the threat of a continuation of lower energy prices to the energy efficiency agenda, but also demonstrates clearly that strong, well—designed policy, can mitigate that threat.

The greatest efficiency gains have been led by policy, and the greatest untapped potentials lie where policy is absent or inadequate. There are lessons of success from around the world, including US vehicle standards, Japan’s progressive Top-Runner program, and China’s Top 10 000 program. The report focuses on the progress made in China. China’s energy efficiency story is told in great detail for the first time by this report. It is a story of great progress, achieving huge efficiency gains over the last ten years, but also revealing the opportunity for China to achieve much more on a path to the efficiency levels of other countries.

«I hope this report will be of great interest to energy policy makers and professionals in all sectors and in all regions. It quantifies the latest trends, tracks global progress, and examines key drivers and market issues. It provides answers to the central question: how can the world achieve more? In this sense, it is a call to action. Energy Efficiency is the one energy resource that every country possesses in abundance. The IEA is well determined that all countries fully exploit it.»

Source: Dr Fatih Birol
Executive Director,   
International Energy Agency


Poor results for Spain in Energy Efficiency


The RISE report (Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy) prepared by the World Bank has recently been published, reflecting in a hierarchical way the positioning of the different countries in terms of access to energy, commitment to renewable energies and energy efficiency. Spain occupies the position 22, of the 111 countries analyzed, in terms of energy efficiency behavior, behind the countries of our economic and territorial environment. This position is consistent with the lack of an energy policy and a lax concern for improving our energy performance.




PhotoCredits: Flickr/ Adriano Agulló

Energy inefficiency does not correspond to our position in the world Gross Domestic Product or of course with reality as a country, having one of the highest degrees of energy dependence of the European Union from which we separate more than 20 percentage points, 73% of Spain compared to 53% of European average, and that considering in this calculation to nuclear energy as an autochthonous source, which is not. This dependence means that for every 10$ rise on the price of a barrel of oil, our balance of trade balance deteriorates by 6,000 million euros.

To be efficient in Spain in the matter of energy consumption should be one of the priorities of energy policy, as has repeatedly been stated by the Renewables Foundation, not only to be able to compete with the countries of our environment, but also to be able to carry out Policies that are more environmentally sustainable and less exposed to the volatility of fuel prices that we have to import.

Spain has sufficient legislation to have a better energy efficiency behavior, as a consequence of the mandatory transposition of the different European Directives, mainly the 2010/31/EU on energy efficiency in buildings and the 2012/27/EU energy efficiency. The problem is that we have been unable by our own decision to implement the operational instruments required by the legislative framework.


Thermometer in a shopping center in Madrid. The label below shows the RD regulations that fails to comply with.

The lines of action put in place are insufficient and inefficient and are based on the development of diffusion campaigns and the creation of a Fund for Energy Efficiency that has not been able to apply to its purpose, in fact in the failed electric reform of the Current government used the cumulative funds to reduce the tariff deficit, and allow us to predict that Spain will not meet the demand reduction target set for the European Union countries by 2020.

A goal which, fortunately for the Government, is non-binding although, both for its responsibility and for its importance, it should be considered as one of the basic elements of any energy policy, if it existed.

This little concern to put in place mechanisms that promote the saving and the efficiency of energy has been able to see from:

  *  The non-fulfillment of objectives that the Directive marked for public buildings and that marks that had to be rehabilitated 3% each year from the inventory made in 2014. Spain has more than 1.7 million m2 of buildings for public use without anyone doing Nothing with the exception of a couple of contests facing the gallery.
   * The lack of demand by public bodies and municipalities that their electricity supply contracts include the obligation that it be of renewable origin and incorporate objectives of saving and improving efficiency as a fundamental element to be awarded.
   * The non-legislative finalist development of the magnificent Law 8/2013 on "Rehabilitation, Regeneration and Urban Renewal" known as Law 3R that allowed open work procedures and public-private collaboration to advance the rehabilitation of more than 18 million buildings, Of which even 3% does not exceed the established standards of energy behavior that marks the current legislation. In fact, the evolution of the management from the first NBE standard CT 79 to the last CTE of 2013 supposes an average reduction of the consumption per m² of 53%.
   * By increasing the fixed part of the electricity tariff by losing the incentive to save energy by reducing consumption and taxing the situation of those vulnerable groups who have to pay more without consuming.
   * The non-application of the Efficiency Fund for its purpose as a consequence of "the absence of projects" that can benefit from it by not mobilizing the energy sector in this work.
   * Considering that the improvement of energy efficiency increases the risk of the appearance of the tariff deficit of the electrical system by reducing energy consumption
   * The real ineffectiveness of rehabilitation grant schemes which in many cases have not been effective leaving a financial problem to communities who believed that it was a good idea to have a more efficient energy performance.

If we analyze what countries of our environment have done with highly positive results and the measures available in our system and not carried out, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Energy, Tourism and Digital Agenda should be responsible for binding energy supply companies to fulfill the objectives set by The Efficiency Directive.

Companies that provide us with energy have to take on this challenge not only because of the proximity to the consumer they sell energy but also to their own benefit as a new business line, in which the sale of energy services is replacing or accompanying the Sale of energy.

Our marketers are more focused on brokering processes than working for their clients. Situation that shows its little concern to assume the energetic challenges that as a country we have assumed.

Well, we will never be efficient but we do not involve all the agents that have to do with the energy supply, starting with the public consumption and following the unplanned implementation of the electrification of the energy demand. Coverage of energy needs is more efficient if the energy used is electricity in both the climate, heat pump, and transportation with the electric vehicle.

Inefficient Spain is the result of our behavior as consumers, poorly informed, and a legislative development more focused on "programmed neglect" as an energy policy than in promoting efficiency.

Source: 20minutos: Energy as Right: @ferrandovitales @frenovables VP. The Renewables Foundation is a citizen movement with a vocation for dialogue in the debate on the inevitable change of energy model that tries to transfer to the Spanish society a new vision of the energy that is more linked to the ethics than to the economy, to the future that to the Present, to the urgency that to the complacency. In this blog, which contains a great plurality of voices and opinions, which do not have to coincide with those of the Renewable Foundation, we approach in a simple way what is often very complex with a group of experts in the very diverse aspects in the That energy is present in our daily life, but also in strategic and political issues.

Since 1998, every 5 March, World Energy Efficiency Day has been celebrated. It was during the First International Conference on Energy Efficiency held in Austria where it was decided to set a date for all citizens to reflect on the problem of the abuse of fossil fuels and the importance of starting to exploit renewable energy sources.

According to the IDAE, an efficient use of energy should not compromise our quality of life but should provide us with the same goods and services but in a cleaner and more sustainable way.

Both companies and ordinary citizens should establish the necessary measures and policies to achieve a reduction in energy consumption, favoring the saving of individuals and increasing the competitiveness of companies, promoting access to renewable energies, redirecting production processes aimed at achieving cleaner results, with the aim of making energy efficiency a reality.

Energy poverty is the "inability of a household to meet a minimum amount of energy services for its basic needs, such as maintaining housing in adequate climatic conditions for health (18 to 20°C in winter and 25°C in summer)" One of the causes responsible for the increase of people in situations of energy poverty is the electricity price increase.

With the electrical reform in Spain, in which the renewables were left aside, completely ignoring the objective with which it was created today, and with electricity price increasing while promoting the use of fossil fuels as a source Energy, this situation will worsen.

Due to the geographical situation of Spain, our country has the right conditions to be able to successfully exploit renewable energies, which can be an excellent energy source.

On June 1, 2013, Royal Decree 235/2013 was approved regarding the energy certification of buildings. Since 2007 new buildings were obliged to issue this certificate, however with this new regulation all people who intend to sell or rent a home must obtain this certificate in advance. Thanks to this certificate we can aproach an idea of ​​the amount of our future invoices.

As measures of Energy Efficiency we can highlight:

- Use of efficient LED bulbs.
- To install self-consumption equipment, which is already partially liberalized from the sun tax for installations of less than 10kW since 2015.
- Use of far infrared heat plates, which reduce the consumption of so-called lorites or braziers up to 90%
- Do not wash at high temperatures.
- Acquiring low consumption appliances.

- Unplug appliances when not in use; In stand-by also consume.

EGA is registered as 14,302 Engineer at COITIMadrid

15 November, 2016

SENER Technology Present at COP22

 © Grupo SENER 2016. Todos los Derechos Reservados
NOORo I, NOORo II and NOORo III, the three thermoelectric solar plants belonging to the largest solar complex on the planet located in Ouarzazate (Morocco), have been developed turnkey by the SENER engineering and technology group, which also provides proprietary technology . These facilities will play a significant role during the COP22, Conference of Parties, held from 7 to 18 November in the Moroccan city of Marrakesh and where they are expected to hold much of the attention of visitors.

The Moroccan Solar Energy Agency (MASEN), a Moroccan government agency, selected the project led by the Saudi company Acwa Power, in which SENER is part of the consortiums responsible for the construction and commissioning of two NOORo parabolic trough facilities, NOORo I and NOORo II, and a third, NOORo III, equipped with central tower technology with salt receiver.



NOORo I, inaugurated by His Majesty King Mohamed VI at the beginning of 2016, has a power of 160 MWe, employs SENERtrough® parabolic trough collectors and has three hours of thermal storage in the absence of solar radiation.


The second generation SENERtrough®-2 system, also designed and patented by SENER, is being installed in NOORo II of 200 MWe and six hours of storage.


Finally, NOORo III, Concentrated solar power plant with central tower receiver and molten salt heat storage technology that allows it to produce electricity after sundown, covering the 5 hours of peak electricity demand. Part of NOORo (Ouarzazate, Morocco), the largest complex of concentrating solar power (CSP) in the world.

Datasheet:

Tower Height: 250 m
Receiver Thermal Power: 660 MWt
Total Reflective Area: 1,3 Mm²
Surface area of the solar field: 550 Ha
Thermal Storage Capacity: 7.5 h (equivalent hours of Turbine Operation)


With 7,400 Heliostats and 150 MWe of Turbine power capacity, NOORo III is the natural evolution of Gemasolar (Seville), the first commercial plant in the world this type and in which SENER carried out the design, led the construction and was the supplier of the technology, savings 130,000 tons/year of CO2 emission and letting 120,000 households to recieve its Clean and Safe Power. consists of the natural evolution of the emblematic Gemasolar plant (Seville, Spain), only with a size seven times greater and five times more power.

SENER is a leading company in thermoelectric solar energy, both because of the number of projects in portfolio -29 to date, mostly built under the turnkey model and distributed between Spain, USA, South Africa and Morocco- as well as for development And incorporation of technological solutions with their own patents. In total they represent more than 2,000 MWe of installed power and a saving of more than one million tons of CO2 per year. Specifically, these three plants built by SENER in the NOORo complex will avoid the emission of 420,000 CO2 tons per year and are capable of supplying clean and safe energy to around 400,000 households.

As in all of its projects, SENER maintains a strong commitment to the local community since the start of the first phase of NOORo I. Both workers and suppliers in the area are being employed and a national industry development plan has been established. Which includes the manufacture in Morocco of components of high technological content, such as the receiver of molten salts being manufactured in Casablanca.

The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The country is hosting this meeting in a context of firm commitment to environmental policies, giving special visibility to projects of great magnitude aimed at transforming it as renewable energies.

In CSP, SENER is world leader not only in in the number of projects it has under its belt, the majority turnkey projects, but also for the development of proprietary technology applied to these plants, where it is also able to carry out their operation and maintenance.

EGA is registered as 14,302 Engineer at COITIMadrid




25 October, 2016

Power Quality & Electrical Energy Use: Thank you Dr. Manuel Pérez Donsión

http://www.amazon.es/Calidad-Energ%C3%ADa-El%C3%A9ctrica-Perez-Manuel/dp/8416228582/ref=sr_1_1/256-2044491-8994404?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1477343904&sr=1-1&keywords=Calidad+de+la+Energ%C3%ADa+El%C3%A9ctrica
Power Quality



This book arises from different research projects on Power Quality Master classes on use and Electric Energy Quality taught at the University of Vigo. It isn´t only intended especially for electrical engineering students, but also teachers, technicians, public administrations, engineering enterprises, electricity consumers and all those who are willing to venture into this interesting and complex field of power quality and electrical energy systems. A lot of tabs, charts, figs & pics will make its reading easier.


In Chapter 1, the concept of quality of electric power is introduced and the three parameters to be analyzed: continuity of supply, quality of care and wave and relationship with the user. In Chapter 2 the rules on the quality of the energy question; Frequency variations are discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 refers to the slow voltage variations and voltage fluctuations are studied in Chapter 5, their types and some of its consequences, such as flicker studied. In Chapter 6, voltage sags, surges and short interruptions are explained. In Chapter 7 voltage transients, surges, lightning, earthing and grounding techs are here analyzed. Chapter 8 discusses FACTS and HVDC equipment; Chapter 9 harmonics they are studied and, finally, in Chapter 10, voltage imbalances are treated.

It is a very complete and thorough treatment of the subject book and has a lot of tables, charts, figures and photographs; also it includes 30 pages with color photos and graphics to facilitate understanding of matter and makes it easier to read. Thank you Dr. Donsión


CONTENTS:

1. Power Quality. An introduction

1.1. Quality of electrical energy
1.2. Quality of the voltage wave
1.3. Electromagnetic interference
1.4. Parameters defining the voltage wave and disturbances that could be affected
1.5. Electromagnetic compatibility
1.6. Electromagnetic environments
1.7. Coordination strategies
1.8. Economic evaluation of poor quality wave
1.9. Evaluation of the quality of the voltage wave
1.10. Continuity of supply
1.11. Care and Customer Relationship
1.12. Measure
1.13. Range of influence quantities and verification while steady stating. Stand still
1.14. Precautions in installing measuring equipment


2. Power Quality. Standards

2.1. Normative
2.2. Standardization bodies
2.3. Classification of standards
2.4. Quality of electricity as a product
2.5. Directives concerning electromagnetic compatibility
2.6. Summary of part of the important rules and aspects thereof
2.7. Voltage requirements
2.8. Continuity of supply
2.9. Billing discounts


3. Frequency variations

3.1. Frequency variations
3.2. Limit
3.3. Causes
3.4. Frequency measurement
3.5. Effects produced
3.6. Prevention and correction methods
3.7. Stability of electric power systems
3.8. Frequency regulation


4. Slow voltage variations

4.1. Definition
4.2. Reference values ​​and limits
4.3. Root causes
4.4. Effects produced
4.5. Correction methods
4.6. Measure the amplitude of the supply voltage


5. Voltage fluctuations. Flickers

5.1. Definition of voltage fluctuation
5.2. Flicker definition
5.3. Evaluation of flicker
5.4. Compatibility levels
5.5. Flicker limits
5.6. Flicker physiology
5.7. Measuring the flicker effect
5.8. Trialing the flicker-meter
5.9. Practical experience (5.1). Measuring power quality inside a steel factory
5.10. Mathematical explanation of the flicker origin
5.11. Major disruptive devices
5.12. Other flicker origins
5.13. Effects produced
5.14. Prevention and correction methods
5.15. Wind-turbine fliker production


6. Voltage dips and short interruptions

6.1. Sags and short interruptions
6.2. Levels of electromagnetic compatibility
6.3. Underlying causes
6.4. Characterization of voltage sags
6.5. Measure detecting and evaluating sags
6.6. Stochastic analysis
6.7. Types of voltage sags
6.8. Effect of transformer connections
6.9. Possible causes of equipment failure
6.10. Sensitivity equipment against voltage sags
6.11. Estimating the voltage sag problem probability occurrence
6.12. Effects produced
6.13. Evaluation of production losses
6.14. Prevention and correction
6.15. Voids derived engine start
6.16. Possible action by the supplier
6.17. Prevention and elimination of faults
6.18. Requirements for response to voltage dips of wind farms
6.19. Practical experiences
6.20. Voltage interruption


7. Voltage transients, temporary surges, lightning, earthing and grounding

7.1. Voltage transients. Definition
7.2. Characteristic parameters
7.3. Detection, evaluation and reference values ​​of voltage transients
7.4. Causes of transient
7.5. Effects produced
7.6. Prevention and correction methods
7.7. Temporal overvoltages
7.8. Lightning effect
7.9. Earthing & Grounding
7.10. Lightning and electrical installations


8. Equipment FACTS and HVDC

8.1. FACTS (Flexible Alternative Current Transmission System)
8.2. Parallel compensation of reactive power transmission systems
8.3. Series compensation of reactive power in transmission systems
8.4. Variable frequency transformer
8.5. HVDC transmission
8.6. High quality power systems in distribution network
8.7. Distributed automation and web-technology
8.8. Future trends
8.9. Fuel cell


9. Harmonics

9.1. Harmonic distortion
9.2. Reference values
9.3. Standard limits
9.4. Fourier series decomposition
9.5. Harmonics measurement
9.6. Causes of harmonic distortion
9.7. Model used in the calculations
9.8. Effects that cause
9.9. Prevention and correction methods
9.10. Passive filters for harmonic correction
9.11. Active filters
9.12. Hybrid filters
9.13. Thyristors and transistors used in inverters
9.14. Neutral and transformer overload problems
9.15. Harmonics in electric arc furnaces
9.16. Reactive power compensation in harmonics-contaminated systems
9.17. Studies about harmonics


10. Umbalanced voltages

10.1. Definition
10.2. Calculation of an unbalanced system
10.3. Measuring imbalances
10.4. Underlying causes
10.5. Effects produced
10.6. Correcting methods and imbalances prevention

Source: garceta.es


EGA is registered as 14.302 Engineer at coitim.es

25 July, 2016

Advanced Inspection Technology: Evolving Solar Energy


Clean energy development is moving forward globally at an increasing pace. Making clean energy more efficient is critical to its adoption and this is where large-volume precision measurement comes into play.

Laser-based portable metrology systems used in aircraft and automotive inspection are now used to assess solar collectors, wind turbines and Europe’s most advanced solar thermal projects.

Gemasolar, located in Seville, Spain, is the world’s first commercial plant using a central tower and surrounding heliostat array to feed a thermal storage system. The project was built by Torresol Energy, a joint venture of Spanish engineering firm Sener Group and Abu Dhabi-based Masdar. Mirror structures in the high-precision heliostats precisely reflect sunbeams toward the receiver located at the top of a 140 m high tower. Sener’s heliostat assembly subcontractor Moncobra SA uses frequency-modulated coherent laser radar technology (FM CLR) from Nikon Metrology Inc. to precisely position flat mirror panel arrays on the giant heliostats. Laser radar completes automatic, noncontact, gauge-free inspection of a single heliostat in a matter of minutes, allowing Moncobra to produce 22 heliostats daily. This is one of the many technology innovations Sener has introduced to maximize the output of its concentrated solar power (CSP) plant portfolio, supplying electricity in line with demand. 


As photovoltaics, CSP and other energy projects grow more competitive, inspection technologies need to contribute to production efficiencies while assuring critical quality targets. Courtesy of SENER.
Gemasolar is also the world’s first CSP plant to feature tower technology with a molten salts receiver. This thermal storage concept uses intense heat stored during the day to produce electricity at night. With thousands of 11×12m. heliostats targeting the sunlight receiver, the salt substances heat up and descend to the hot salts tank where they are stored at more than 500 °C. From here, the salts are transferred to heat exchangers, and subsequently to the turbine and electrical transformer before adding electricity to the net grid. Although the use of a tower surrounded by flat-mirror heliostats is less mature than parabolic trough technology (long parabolic mirrors), it potentially offers a higher energy yield. 


The Gemasolar heliostat array and thermal tower is located in Seville, Spain. Courtesy of Nikon Metrology Inc.
All heliostats are designed to exhibit a different slightly parabolic reflective shape, depending on the position of the heliostat in relation to the tower. Immediately following inspection, the measurement report is automatically saved on the network and sent to Sener for verification. The implemented control system decides whether the required curvature for each heliostat mirror array is achieved within specification. Based on mirror deviation values specified in the inspection report, assembly workers properly modify the orientation of the mirror panels. After tuning the mirrors, the laser radar performs a final inspection verification to confirm accuracy before turning out a new heliostat. 

Nikon Metrology Inc.'s MV351HS laser radar unit. Courtesy of Nikon Metrology Inc.


 A different laser tracker 

Laser trackers are nothing new. Similar in appearance, laser radar presents unique and significant differences. Laser trackers require an SMR (spherically mounted retroreflector) or other probing device that is held manually against the object being measured. By comparison, laser radar directs a focused laser beam to a point on the object being measured, while recapturing a tiny portion of the reflected light to determine absolute range to the measured point. Combined with horizontal and vertical laser beam angles, the 3D coordinates of the acquired points are determined in real time. 

This can increase productivity, as fewer procedures are required, making the entire process significantly faster. The system can even run unattended. 

Essentially, laser trackers are manual systems that track a probe, unlike the laser radar, which is a driven system. This means laser radar can be automated and, if needed, set up on multiaxis robots for an even higher degree of automation. Production can continue uninterrupted while ensuring high-quality metrology results. The technology is also particularly well-suited for large part volumes. With an effective radius of up to 50 m, a laser radar could be set up at the 50-yard line in a football game and hit both end zones with 3D uncertainty of less than 0.02 in. 


Nikon Metrology Inc.’s laser radar unit, mounted on a multiaxis robot. Courtesy of Nikon Metrology Inc.



Measuring solar panels 

As laser radar only requires a fraction of a percent of the reflected light to be returned and analyzed to determine measurement results, the technology is suited to handling highly reflective surfaces. In the fast-growing concentrated solar energy industry, such technology checks the geometric integrity of flat or parabolic mirrors and the understructure. Critical in this regard is its capability to accurately and efficiently trace faulty bending and misalignment. 

It takes roughly five minutes to measure a single heliostat in enhanced metrology mode. This is much shorter compared to a laser tracker system, and also much less cumbersome because the tracker requires a crane to precisely position a large gauge with spring-loaded targets on top of a heliostat’s reflective surface. With the laser radar, it is possible to avoid the complexity of taking measurements using laser trackers. Noncontact inspection performed in a fraction of the time has been the main driver for Sener to opt for the laser radar inspection system. 



A parabolic trough in Cádiz, Spain. Laser-based inspection ensures geometric integrity. Courtesy of Nikon Metrology Inc.

Valle 1 and Valle 2 are adjacent Masdar solar plants located in Cádiz, Spain, that feature parabolic trough solar technology combined with molten salt storage facilities. The two plants have a combined power capacity of 100 MW and are now fully operational. The footprint of the solar field covers 510,000 square meters, and the molten salt storage system allows for seven to eight hours of power generation without sunlight. These plants will produce approximately 330 GWh/year, which is equivalent to the average consumption of 40,000 households, or the entire city of Cádiz. Moreover, the plants displace more than 90,000 tons of CO2 a year. 

Both plants’ parabolic trough technology has unique mechanical characteristics, such as noticeably lower steel weight and fewer assembly hours compared to similar collectors. These advantages are significant, given that a conventional 50-MW solar plant uses 90,000 meters of parabolic trough mirrors requiring about 15,000 tons of steel. 

Measuring wind turbine blades 

Wind turbine blades are highly engineered components with many geometry-dependent features, including the pressure and suction sides of the blade and custom leading edge profiles. A recent wind turbine blade project encompassed surface inspection of a 45 m. blade that required completion in a single eight-hour period.


As photovoltaics, wind and other energy projects grow more competitive, inspection technologies need to contribute to production efficiencies while assuring critical quality targets. Courtesy of Nikon Metrology Inc.


The laser radar measured 48,000+ inspection locations with 25µm, single-point uncertainty in the requisite shift. By comparison, completing the same single shift inspection assignment using laser tracking technology would require at least three separate laser tracker systems and operators, as well as large overlay templates and additional tooling. 

Common sense checklist 

 In determining if laser radar is right for a given work or application, several common-sense business concerns must be addressed: 

Accuracy. There’s no point in beating around the bush — what is the accuracy threshold you and your customers require now and in the foreseeable future? 

Measuring volume. What parts demand measuring and inspection — micro parts or entire wind turbine blades, or in between? A long standoff scanner can also reach inaccessible or dangerous areas. 


Portability. Do parts have to be measured on the factory floor, in-process, or delivered to a controlled-environment metrology department? Is a separate metrology lab and/or a production inspection solution required as parts are made? Will a portable solution bridge the gap, if needed? 

Automation. The ability to automate and run the system unattended can result in lower manpower costs and is ideal for repetitive tasks. 

Data-acquisition speed and software compatibility. The nonstop growth in computing power has made possible many advances in inspection. Is report data available in easily understood forms? Can reporting be completed offline, leaving articulated arms or CMMs dedicated to inspection tasks? Customer can choose between a series of metrology software solutions on a large scale or use software libraries to specify its own process of measurement. PolyWorks, Spatial Analyzer, Verisurf and Metrolog are those used most frequently in conjunction with Laser Radar.

Cost. The noncontact and automated laser radar system can satisfy all of the following metrology aspects: 

    • Quality assurance applications, including part-to-CAD comparison, feature, and gap and flush inspection. 

    • Routine and event-driven inspections such as first-article inspections, incoming and outgoing inspections, and troubleshooting failure investigations. 

    • In-process applications, including component alignment and robotic positioning. 

    • Tool building and alignment, including locating and adjusting tool features in real time. 

    • Tool digitalization and documentation of as-built tools and die surfaces. 

    • Model digitalization such as scanning artistic models and performing design layups for in-process and outgoing quality assurance. 

    • Routine maintenance, including static and dynamic inspections of tooling assemblies. 

 As photovoltaics, wind and other energy projects grow more competitive with conventional generation, inspection technologies must contribute to production efficiencies while also ensuring critical quality targets. Laser radar, with its versatility and unique attributes, is a unique solution to this growing segment. 


Frequency-Modulated Coherent Laser Radar Technology (FM CLR), An Overview 

The major strength of laser radar is that it can scan complex geometry that is too complex, hard to reach or labor-intensive to evaluate using other methods. The system works indoors or out, in any lighting, and on any material or finished surface with a reflectivity of even less than 1 percent. Laser radar is capable of measuring both freeform surfaces and geometric features due to proprietary frequency-modulated laser technology. 



As the invisible eye-safe laser light travels to and from the target, it also travels through a reference path of calibrated optical fiber in an environmentally controlled module. Heterodyne detection of the return optical signal mixed coherently with the reference signal produces the most sensitive radar possible. The two paths are combined to determine the absolute range to the point, and the high-modulation bandwidth makes precise measurement possible in a millisecond. Combined with the measured horizontal and vertical laser beam angles, the 3D coordinates of the acquired point are determined in real time. As the measuring laser is invisible, the laser radar additionally emits a red laser pointer. Source: euroPHOTONICS